The meaning of the adverb, its morphological features and syntactic function

Adverb is an independent part of speech that denotes a sign of an action, a sign of another sign, or (less often) a sign of an object. Question adverbs depends on the meaning it expresses.

Adverb can refer to a verb, adjective, adverb, noun and other parts of speech, for example: talk rudely, work silently, very sad, too strong, quite late, absolutely correct, horseback riding, just a baby etc.

Some adverbs They do not name the sign, but only point to it. These are pronominal adverbs here, there, so, then, therefore, therefore, therefore etc. For example: The shutter was half open, and therefore every little thing could be seen in the room (A. Kuprin).

The main feature of adverbs is their immutability. Adverbs do not decline or conjugate, do not form forms of gender and number.

Adverbs na-o, -e, formed from qualitative adjectives, can form forms of degrees of comparison - comparative and superlative: sadly- saddest, saddest of all; good - better, best of all; hot - hotter, hottest of all.

In a sentence adverbs most often act as adverbials of different types and the nominal part of a compound predicate. For example:

And for some reason the lights came on;

I was looking for you close, I caught you in the distance.

(Vyach. Ivanov)

Classes of adverbs by meaning

In my own way adverb meaning there are definitive And circumstantial.

Definitive adverbs can relate not only to a verb, but also to an adverb, a noun, a word of a state category, characterizing them from different sides. Among the defining adverbs the following are distinguished: 1) qualitative adverbs indicating a qualitative attribute; 2) adverbs of measure and degree; 3) adverbs image or method of action.

	Groups of qualifying adverbs and expressed meanings	Examples
	Qualitative adverbs express a characteristic or evaluation of an action or attribute.	Sad, strange, monstrous, scary, fast, right.
	Quantitative adverbs determine the measure or degree of manifestation of an action or attribute.	A lot, a little, a little, doubly, triple, three times, six times, very, very, completely, absolutely.
	Adverbs of manner and manner of action indicate the manner in which the action is performed.	Run, gallop, walk, swim, shuffle, idle, supine, for sure.

Circumstantial adverbs most often refer to a verb and characterize the time, place, purpose, reason for an action. Included in the circumstances adverbs includes: 1) adverbs of place 2) adverbs of time, 3) adverbs of reason, 4) adverbs of purpose.

	Groups of adverbial adverbs and expressed meanings	Examples
	Adverbs of place indicate the place where an action takes place.	Far, close, back, from a distance, towards, from the side.
	Adverbs of time indicate the time at which an action is performed.	Yesterday, today, tomorrow, during the day, at night, in the morning, in the spring, sometimes, now.
	Adverbs of reason indicate the reason for an action.	In the heat of the moment, foolishly, drunk, blindly, involuntarily, not without reason.
	Adverbs of purpose indicate the purpose of an action.	Specifically, on purpose, out of spite, in defiance, as a joke, intentionally.

Quantitatively, the language is dominated by attributives adverbs. Then they go adverbs place and time. The composition adverbs the reasons and especially the goals are very few.

Pronominal adverbs

A special group among adverbs consists of pronominal adverbs, which, like pronouns, do not name features, but only indicate them, but, unlike pronouns, are unchangeable words.

Pronominal adverbs are divided into the following groups:

	Groups of pronominal adverbs	Examples
	Index fingers	There, there, from there, here, here, so, then, because, therefore, then
	Definitive	Always, sometimes, everywhere, everywhere, everywhere
	Interrogative-relative	How, where, where, where, whence, why, why, why
	Indefinite (formed from interrogative-relative)	Somehow, somehow, somehow, somewhere, somewhere, somewhere, somewhere, sometime, someday, someday, for some reason, for some reason and etc.
	Negative (formed from interrogative-relative)	No way, nowhere, nowhere, nowhere, nowhere, nowhere, nowhere, never, no time, no reason and etc.

Degrees of comparison of adverbs

Adverbs na-o, -e, formed from qualitative adjectives, have the form comparative degree, which coincides with the shape comparative degree corresponding adjectives: become stupider, read worse, be bolder.

Some adverbs also have a superlative form -epshe, -ayshe, which is rarely used in modern language (obediently- most humbly, strictly- strictly), For example:

I would strictly forbid these gentlemen

Drive up to the capitals for the shot.

(A. Griboyedov)

In modern language the compound form is more common superlatives, which is a combination of two words - comparative adverb and pronouns all (total): run the fastest, fly the highest, understand best.

Morphological analysis of the adverb includes the identification of two constant features (rank by value and the presence of forms of degrees of comparison). The adverb has no unstable characteristics, since it is an unchangeable word. Adverbs are an extremely productive and difficult class of words to analyze.

As a constant feature of adverbs, the rank in meaning is indicated. For adverbs ending in -о, -е, formed from qualitative adjectives, the forms of degrees of comparison are indicated: comparative (looked more cheerful, spoke more clearly- more clear) and excellent (runs the fastest, sang the loudest).

Instead of characterizing non-permanent features, one should indicate: “unchangeable word.”

Scheme of morphological analysis of an adverb. I. Part of speech.

Classes of adverbs by meaning

Discharge	Questions	Examples
	How? how?
measures and degrees
	Where? Where? where?
	Why? from what?

Degrees of comparison of adverbs

Form Comparative degree	Simple (formed using suffixes)	Composite
Comparative	EE (HEY), E, ​​SHE	MORE/LESS + adv. in n. f.
Excellent	AYSHE, EYSHE (rarely used)

Classes of adverbs by meaning

Discharge	Questions	Examples
adverbs of image and manner of action	How? how?	good, bad, fast, slow, loud, quiet, excellent, brilliant, wonderful, ironic, hastily, intensely, closely, on horseback, in a line, lying down, wading, swimming, manually, aloud, bass, whisper, quietly, waddle, inside out, like summer, like morning, like a girl, like Russian, fun, ugly, sad, beautiful, melodious, slow, like that.
measures and degrees	to what extent? in what degree? how much? How many?	a lot, a little, approximately, almost, twice, three times, twice, five times, in two, three times, a little, very, completely, extremely, excessively, plenty, to the full; very, too, a lot, much, absolutely, completely, too, extremely, unusually, very, completely, so much, twice, barely, barely, barely, a little, several, a drop (colloquial), tiny (colloquial) )
	Where? Where? where?	where, here, there, everywhere, below, nowhere, in the distance, some where, where, there, here, left, down, somewhere, from, from afar, from within, from there, near, far, nearby, next to, in front, at home, forest, road, around, above, from afar, here, everywhere, nowhere from here
	When? how long? since when? How long?	when, before, now, first, tomorrow, everyday, daily, years, old, long ago, soon, first, then, yesterday, afternoon, night, morning, evening, winter, spring, long ago, soon, before, the day before, on time, always, sometimes, now, today, immediately, long ago, first, already
	For what? For what? for what purpose?	why, then, out of spite, on purpose, out of laughter, intentionally, for show, out of spite, borrowed, borrowed, in vain, in revenge, in ridicule, as a joke
	Why? from what?	rashly, involuntarily, half asleep, out of malice, because of, therefore, therefore, for a reason, blindly, willy-nilly, accidentally, casually, by chance, accidentally, by hearsay, foolishly, stupidly, half-awake, rashly

denotes the state of the environment/person, is a tale. in impersonal proposal

(warm, cold, painful, quiet, fun, early, funny, convenient, afraid, ashamed, ashamed, possible, necessary, time, time, hunting, reluctance, laziness, leisure, sin, pity, shame, beyond the power, unable to ).

Degrees of comparison of adverbs

Form Comparative degree	Simple (formed using suffixes)	Composite (formed using special words)
Comparative	EE (HEY), E, ​​SHE stronger, smarter, hotter, longer, better, worse	MORE/LESS + adv. in n. f. higher, less quickly, more unexpectedly
Excellent	AYSHE, EYSHE (rarely used) most humbly, most deeply, most humbly, most severely	1)MOST/LEAST + adv. in n.f. 2) adv. in simple compare + TOTAL/ALL most interesting, least fun, most beautiful, quietest, best

Adverb categories

An adverb is a developing part of speech. Linguists who study the Old Russian language claim that adverbs were present in Old Russian writings. Even then, their first groups and subgroups were outlined according to methods of formation and morphological meanings.

Adverbs in sentences more often play the syntactic role of adverbs. According to the lexical meaning, two groups are distinguished: adverbial and attributive categories of adverbs.

Determinative adverbs

These adverbs denote quantitative and qualitative characteristics of an action, state and other characteristics. The categories of adverbs are divided into three subgroups:

1. Quantitative adverbs. They indicate the degree of quality and the measure of action, answer the questions: to what extent? How many? (examples - little, doubly, a little, full, before dark, a lot, almost).
2. Qualitative adverbs. They are formed from qualitative adjectives, determine the quality of a characteristic or object, answer the question how? (examples – weak, modest, fast, dark, slow)
3. The image and degree of action. An adverb characterizes how actions are performed and answers the questions: how? How? (examples - to pieces, blindly, on the sly, by touch)

Adverbs of adverbs

The adverbial categories of adverbs describe target, temporal, causal and spatial relationships. Divided into 4 groups:

1. Adverbs of place. They point to the place of action and answer the questions: where? where? Where? (examples - right, left, above, here, everywhere, there, there).
2. Adverbs of time. They indicate the time of action, answer the questions: since when? How long? When? (examples - today, yesterday, constantly, sometimes, daily, summer, spring, so far).
3. Adverbs of purpose. They indicate the purpose of the action, that is, why this action is being performed, and answer the question: for what purpose? For what? (examples - for show, out of spite, by accident, by chance, deliberately, on purpose).
4. Adverbs of reason. The reason why actions occur is indicated and the question is answered: why? (examples - because, in the heat of the moment, out of malice, out of stupidity, for nothing, blindly).

Adverbs also correlate with other independent parts of speech - adjectives, nouns, verbs, pronouns, numerals and gerunds.

Adverbs are formed in several ways:

1. Merging prepositions with an independent part of speech while simultaneously rethinking the case form and turning it into several separate words.
2. Repetition of words with the addition of prepositional prefixes (for example, on-) to the form of an adverb (example - dry-dry). Repetition of the same word in different case forms (examples - white-white, black-black). They also use repetition of words with synonymous meanings (examples: tightly, tightly, kindly).
3. Transition from one part of speech to another. Thus, it is widespread to rethink the gerund through the loss of specific and temporal meanings (examples - lying, standing, reluctantly, immediately).
4. Formation of adverbs by adding suffixes to the base of the adjective and present participle (examples - melodiously, widely, threateningly, friendly). This method also applies to cardinal numbers (once, twice).
5. Suffix-prefix method. Adverbs are formed from pronouns and adjectives using two suffixes -mu- and -mu-. The prefix in- is also added (examples - in the old way, in the spring way, in the new way, in the good way, in English).
6. Also, adverbs can be formed from set expressions that are used in the form of adverbs (examples - at your fingertips, through your sleeves, upside down, at the earliest, before dawn, in a hurry).

This – main ways of forming adverbs.

Spelling adverbs

One of the most difficult sections is the spelling rules that govern the various categories of adverbs. However, the spelling of most of them just needs to be memorized.

Adverbs perform one of the important functions of speech: they complement the grammatical basis and clarify spoken or written phrases.

Linguists include the morphological features of this part of speech as the invariability of adverbs, that is, the absence of several forms of changes in numbers and cases and the presence of some word-forming suffixes.

Adverb.

Exercise 1 . Find an adverb. Determine what parts of speech the remaining highlighted words are.

1. 1. « Good welcome, my son! - he said with a smile to Ruslan. - Already I've been here for twenty years one in the darkness of the old life I wither; but finally I waited for the day for a long time what I foresaw." 2. Along the banks of the Dnieper happy ones fly in the swirling dust; are already hiding in the distance ; there are no riders it is seen more 3. It already happened late And dark; angrily The rain beat against the window, and the wind blew, howling sadly. (From the work of A. Pushkin.) ,

II. 1. Since early morning All the sky was covered with rain clouds; was quiet , not hot and boring , as happens on gray cloudy days, when over the field for a long time the clouds are already hanging over, you're waiting for the rain, but that's all No . (A. Chekhov.) 2. No deeper , No sweeter the peace that the forest sends us, motionless, standing fearlessly under cold winter skies. (N. Nekrasov.) 3. B rooms was stuffy , and dust swirled in the streets and hats were torn off. All day I was thirsty, and Gurov often went into the pavilion. (A. Chekhov .) 4. I'm already over fifty for a long time passed, and with a stronger voice and everyone clearer I... (S. Mikhalkov.) 5. If with out of employment will become sad myself myself confident and quickly appoints - either to the military, or to justice, or somehow still a minister. (V. Mayakovsky.)

Exercise 2. Find the word on which the highlighted adverb depends and indicate the meaning of the adverb (1. Denotes a sign of an action; 2. Denotes a sign of an object; 3. Denotes a sign of a feature called an adjective or participle; lV. Sign of a sign called an adverb or gerund)

1. 1. And old Bulba little by little got excited. 2. All three riders rode silently . 3. One poor mother did not sleep. She leaned to the head of her dear sons, who were lying rya house . 4. She combed their young ones with a comb, carelessly disheveled curls and wet them with tears... 5. And the tears stopped in the wrinkles that changed her once upon a time beautiful face. 6. Ostap was considered Always one of the best comrades. 7. Moreover, there was nothing scary in his features: he was Very good-looking. 8. Old Taras was thinking about the past: his youth passed before him, his summers, his past years, about which almost The Cossack always cries. 9. Once... a driver with a strange mustache sitting on a box gave him a rather whipping properly whip 10. Soon the entire Polish southwest became a prey to fear. 11. Everything rose and ran away in this discordant amazing carefree age. (From the work of N. Gogol.)

II. 1. Two old birch trees near the house of Alexander Fedorovich, a bird cherry tree near the Nikolai-Petrovs, willows in front of each house, dense linden trees growing in a ring around the church - can you really imagine that some day was no other way that the village looked different, but it was, but it looked different. (V. Soloukhin.) 2. Of course you can again plunge into the fabulous and melodious sea of ​​your native language... (I. Stadnyuk.) 3. Arrival home the holidays turned into a holiday. (A. Koptyaeva.) 4. Father loved potatoes peasant style . (A. Perventsev.)

Exercise 3. Open the brackets by choosing the correct spelling; determine which part of speech the highlighted word forms belong to: 1) to an adverb; 2) to a noun. Indicate syncretic phenomena.

1. Later in autumn sometimes it’s just like early in the spring: there is white snow, there is white earth. Only in the spring the thawed patches smell of earth, and in autumn- snow. This certainly happens: we get used to the snow in winter, and in spring the earth smells to us, and in summer let's sniff the ground, and later in autumn it smells like snow to us (Prishv.). 2. At dinner he [Petr Sergeich] ate a lot, said nonsense and assured that when in winter eat fresh cucumbers, your mouth smells in the spring(Ch.). 3. [Prishvin] was very angry with me because I wrote the book “The Meshchera Side” and thereby attracted the close and destructive (unfortunately) attention of people to the Meshchera forests with its inevitable grave consequences - crowds of tourists trampling In the end) these once fresh places. (Paust.). 4. In (secret) women envied Nastya - and her braids, heavy, light brown, with a fashionable tint, and large eyes, and especially long black eyelashes (Paust.). 5. Harry held the device in (secret)(A.N.T.). 6. Since then, the feeling of life has become dulled, and much of what once attracted and inspired, frightened and tormented, excited and pleased, now seemed insignificant and uninteresting, and sometimes and completely insignificant and pathetic (K.V.). 7. One day, in the dark sometimes, over rocks, along a steep bank. Our knight rode over the river (P.). 8. (At first I was looking for activity in my youth, a full life; the noise of everyday life beckoned me (Hertz.). 9. (At first in Moscow she [Mavra Ilyinichna] was carried in her arms and was considered a special recommendation for social significance to go to the countess; but little by little her bilious tongue and unbearable arrogance weaned almost everyone away from her house (Hertz.).

Exercise 4. Determine what part of speech the highlighted word forms are: 1) adverb; 2) short adjective.

1. He only loves the sun boldly who has a sense of life forever who's speaking cunning does not double, whose thought is clear, whose directly a word whose spirit is free and open (Ax.). 2. Pisarev had an irritable but concentrated character; his outward expression was quiet, calm And Cold even when he was choking from internal excitement (Ax.). 3. Levinson shuddered and straightened up, and something hurt And sweet rang in him (A.F.). 4. Thunder struck and, drowning out the human noise, solemnly,regal rolled in the air (Gonch.). 5. Most of all I was afraid of becoming infected with a stale and helpless tongue. He ruthlessly And fast spread in those years. The fact that I'm almost unconsciously pushed away from myself and forgot the deformities of the language, obviously, and helped me later become a writer (Paust.). 6. I don’t know if she [Tanya] had an influence on me Fine in all senses. Despite her many true and wonderful virtues, Melenkov’s cousin was not freed from strained “sentimentality”... (Hertz.). 7. Glinsky gratefully nodded his head and silently walked towards the opposite colonnade (Iv. S.). 8. He, Vladimir Svyatoslavovich Glinsky, is a lawyer by training, not only Fine knows the laws, but also knows how to skillfully invent them the way he needs them (Iv. S.). 9. The evening reaps the fruits of the morning's foolishness. This is not the first time I’ve thought about this, bitterly Major Rukatov (Iv. S.) is annoyed with himself.

Exercise 5 Indicate which part of speech the adverb is adjacent to

1. It's in French absolutely could express himself and wrote; He danced the mazurka easily and bowed at ease. (A. Pushkin.) 2. The prince stood up, hastily took off his cloak and remained in a fairly decent and deftly a tailored, albeit shabby, suit. (F. Dostoevsky.) 3.For a long time a terrible intention was nurtured secretly an evil old man in his soul. (A. Pushkin.) 4. These know-it-all gentlemen sometimes meet, even enough often, in a well-known social stratum. (F. Dostoevsky.) 5. After a walk on horseback tea, jam, crackers and butter seemed very tasty. (A. Chekhov.) 6. Terrible think silently full, he wandered. (A. Pushkin.) 7. Strong Always the powerless is to blame. (I. Krylov.) 8. This work, Vanya, was scary huge - too big for one person. (N. Nekrasov.) 9. And the little chest Just opened. (I. Krylov.) 10. But one day some kind of beetle flew into the world. He flew up too much close to the fire and, of course, burned his wings. (F. Krivin.) 11. Riding step bored her. (M. Gorky.) 12. Lermontov stands still with his side to Martynov, covering this side with his hand raised, but directed up with a pistol. (S. Sergeev-Tsensky.) 13. Here now , when the danger for the patient has passed, for real hands trembled. (V. Polevoy.) 14.Never I have never seen a stove maker who would work like that slowly and thoughtfully . (V. Soloukhin.)

Exercise 6 . Determine the syntactic function of the highlighted words (1. Circumstance; 2. Definition; 3. Part of the predicate; 4. Subject).

1. A rich tax farmer lived in a luxurious mansion and ate sweet, tasty drank. (I. Krylov.) 2. With Kochubey the fearless Iskra at the same time . (A. Pushkin.) 3. And storms he doesn't care . (M. Lermontov.) 4. The city will be founded here out of spite arrogant neighbor. (A. Pushkin.) 5. Wake up: smash the vices boldly . (N. Nekrasov.) 6. In steel, a little bulging fun and cunning madness played in his eyes. (K. Fedin.) 7. Good godfather Always clashes with godfather. (D. Poor.) 8. The race leaves, the race comes, but the earth remains forever , and the traces of humanity remain on it forever. (G. Nikolaeva.) 9. Nothing can ever separate us, separate us forever, to life apart accustom. (N. Brown.) 10. Build again, in our own way, like a man , like no one had ever built a rich, well-fed state - it was tempting. (E. Permitin.) 11. Here it is, one of those from which our present one grew Already . (A. Levina.) 12. But it was empty on the crippled steamer, only the guns were clicking lazier and lazier on the sides, and from somewhere below smelled of smoke. (G. Nikolaeva.) 13. The ship was slowly sinking, the holds already were flooded with water. (G. Nikolaeva.) 14. Make way, Butyrsky shaft! Look how he walks: the guy has a heroic step, proud eyebrows taking off . (V. Livshits.) 15. And laughter is for people for future use . (A. Tvardovsky.)

Exercise 7 . Determine the category of the highlighted adverbs by meaning (1. Qualitative (image and method of action); 2. Quantitative (measures and degrees); 3. Comparative-like (an image or method of action is characterized by comparison or likening)).

1. 1. It was a month high And It's clear illuminated the surroundings. (N. Turgenev.) 2.Motley a patterned scarf blossomed in the fields of dawn. (V. Kharitonov.) 3. Nature didn’t offend me with her hearing, I can like a nightingale whistle (V. Bokov.) 4. And childish Blink suddenly extended his palm. (A. Tvardovsky.) 5. The prince is there in passing captivates the formidable king. (A. Pushkin.) 6. Teacher Elkina reveals the alphabet. Repeats slowly, repeats kindly . (E. Yevtushenko.) 7. Aglaya slightly shook the prince’s hand and left... (F. Dostoevsky.) 8. Dolgov’s short neck was pulled into his shoulders and arms no-boxer slightly bent at the elbows. (N. Gorbachev.) 9. The state farm agronomist treated us first not at all no more cordial than an accountant: no, that’s all. (V. Soloukhin.) 10. Lieutenant excitedly And fast he said something vigorously gesticulated. (G. Nikolaeva.) 11. The son cannot look calmly on the mother's grief. (N. Nekrasov.) 12. I will remain this way - in love with the word, aurally And to the touch to those who take it. (N. Brown.).

P. 1. I want to make you shine again the most majestic word is party. (V. Mayakovsky.) 2. In the name of the party, we move mountains, drawing our strength from it, and stake had to meet enemies, we to death stood in battle. (M. Isakovsky.) 3. Happiness in working hands boldly take it, man. (V. Kharitonov.) 4. And I have an order: here too in our own way, in a communist way serve. (N. Gorbache8.) 5. Petrograd lived in these January days tense, excited, angry, furious . (A. Tolstoy.)

6. Like a rocket hit the spot. (N. Gorbachev)

Exercise 8 . Find adverbs in the sentences, distribute them into semantic categories: 1. Definitive: 1) qualitative; 2) quantitative; 3) image and method of action; 4) comparative and likening; 5) adverbs of compatibility; P. Circumstantial: 1) places; 2) time, 3) reasons; 4) goals.

1. The white, almost transparent petals of the snowdrop, crumpled after winter sleep, straightened out in the sun and trembled (Paust.). 2. On the branches of the vine, fluffy buds - “lambs” (Paust.) - sat closely together, like tiny sparrows with yellow breasts. 3. My fascination with the geography of Russia was in flux: then I voraciously read everything I could get my hands on about Belarus, then about the Trans-Caspian steppes, and at one time I became fascinated by the North, reading Maximov’s strict and leisurely book “A Year in the North” and descriptions of northern monasteries (Paust .). 4. The wave either lifted him [Levin] up or threw him down with such speed and force that it was breathtaking, but now he did not feel fear, because, firstly, he was busy with his survival suit, and secondly, he completely trusted the crew on the boat, which was with him all the time, above him, so close to him that he did not worry, and so far away as not to hit him with either the side or the oar (Yu.G.). 5. The first day of the war took the Sintsovs by surprise, like millions of other families (Sim.). 6. Shalentyev, blinded by the snowstorm, chose a comfortable position, raised his collar and, pulling his hat down further, began groping his way down the snow-filled steps; soon he managed to move slightly away from home... (Ex.). 7. The next day, Shalentyev again tried to persuade his father-in-law to go to Moscow, and he, starting to get seriously angry, now flatly refused (Pr.). 8. The forester again invited the guest into the house, but he, quite like an old man, wanted to sit on a bench... under the old, royal oak tree (Ex.). 9. All around stretched a flat, slightly rising small plateau towards the nearby sea, completely dotted with intricately weathered rocks, half destroyed (Prov.). 10. In the distance, at the end of the alley, penetrating the park, the first streaks of sunlight burned like streams of rose syrup (Dud.). 11. Above, the dew has fallen from the bushes and below under the bushes it shines only in the bosom of such a leaf, where it never dries out (Prishv.). 12. I knew exactly where the nest was, and I was very surprised how close the birds allowed me (Prishv.). 13. They are playing Grieg behind the wall, And from the spiritual pity that I have known you for so long, I repeat myself very often (Black). 14. I constantly covered my eyes with my palm from the bright tornado, But I was doused with water and the thunderstorm whipped me with a backhand (Black). 15. A bullet will pierce my chest. I’ll fall, arms outstretched, into a hot, fragrant mow of July and spicy grass (Black). 16. Dank rain brought cold damp clouds from afar, And for the third day there was fog in the window... (Black. ). 17. I would like to remind the ignorant, not out of anger, of a very ancient opinion that if the head is empty, then the head of the mind will not be given a place (Kr.). 18. Bobrov wandered aimlessly between the empty factory buildings and, as sometimes happens during particularly strong mental shocks, talked to himself out loud (Kupr.). 19. The driver of the truck brotherly shared some crackers with Sintsov and pulled out a bottle of warm, sweet lemon juice from under the seat (Sim.). 20. Maslennikov nodded to the two soldiers waiting for him, the three of them came out from behind the cover (Sim.). 21. The enemy was probably four times stronger, if we count the accumulation of his reserves, barely visible through binoculars (A.N.T.). 22. The soldiers jumped over the palisade and, in the heat of the moment, without fear of fire from the walls, captured many Narva residents (A.N.T.). 23. A downpour poured down and caught the old woman on her way home, blindly she fell into a puddle (M.G). 24. They led an elephant through the streets. Apparently, for show (Kr.). 25. To the left are two wide open doors. In one of them you can see a telegraph machine and a lamp with a green cap, in the other - a small room, half occupied by a dark closet (Ch.). 26. Asking his quick questions, he [Shmakov] funny, like a bird, put his white head on his left shoulder and through his glasses looked at Sintsov with attentive goodwill (Sim.). 27. For a moment, joy flared up in Ryabovich’s chest, but he immediately extinguished it, went to bed and, in spite of his fate, as if wanting to annoy her, did not go to the general (Ch.). 28. Anna threw off her dress and slid into the green water, kicked her legs, swimming like a dog (O.K.). 29. A policeman and two belted civilians with rifles were on duty at a grocery store with one window cracked in half and the other completely knocked out (Sim.). 30. The young man’s face, however, was pleasant, thin and dry, but colorless, and now even blue-cold (Dast.). 31. Dick walked [Alenka] out the gate, looked after him carefully and for a long time, then returned to his canopy (Ex.). 32. Misha continued his journey on the motorcycle, already accurately oriented with the help of a topographic map of the area (Iv. S .). 33. It seemed to Misha that life around him had suddenly ended, plunging him into disgusting silence (Iv. S .).

Exercise 9 . Distinguish between qualitative and quantitative adverbs. Determine which of them can take the form of a comparative degree.

1. Insarov... the facial expression remained the same, but his features cruel changed (T.). 2. Now it suddenly became obvious to him that he had acted cruel that Anochka will certainly reproach him for insensitivity (Fed.). 3. There was heaven absolutely clear, no clouds were floating from anywhere, a slight breeze did not bother us at all (Ars.). 4. He's in French absolutely could express himself and wrote, danced the mazurka easily and bowed at ease (P.). 5. Nekhlyudov, with the passion of his nature, completely surrendered to this new life, approved by everyone around him and absolutely drowned out the voice within me that demanded something else (L.T.). 6. The boy sniffed in embarrassment and disbelief, but realized that there was nothing terrible, but everything, on the contrary, was turning out terrible cheerfully, he wrinkled his nose so that his nose turned up, and began to burst into mischief and thinness (A.F.). 7. - After all, he seems to be a rich man?.. - Yes, rich, although he dresses terrible and rides a racing droshky like a clerk (T.). 8. Unbearable I want to turn a dream into action, a dream into reality (Kupr.). 9. I can’t resist saying a few words about this eccentric; I am terribly interested in the biographies of all the people I meet (Hertz.). 10. It was floating in the air, and the day promised to be unbearable hot (Cupr.). 11. He was Amazing good-looking, with beautiful dark eyes, dark blond, thin and slender (Dost.). 12. The creators of the park, searching for clues to the local nature, found all the local springs and Amazing they were used (V.Ch.). 13. The moon has risen strongly crimson and gloomy, the stars also frowned (Ch.). 14. The story of a young official strongly touched me (P.). 15. Steppe places, as they should really be called, are wonderful good in the spring for their luxurious, fresh vegetation (Ax.). 16. In the gardens in front of the houses there were white and wonderful the flowers smelled (A.N.T.). 17. The Genevan was a man Great educated, knew Latin well, was a good botanist. (Hertz.). 18. Sovremennik was given censor Krylov - a man scary cowardly, who was simply a martyr when Nekrasov begged him to omit the passages he had crossed out in the article, as a result of which nonsense came out (Pan.).

Exercise 10. Establish a group of highlighted adverbial adverbs (1. Places; 2. Time; 3. Reasons; 4. Purposes).

1. 1. Moscow waited in vain for guests all the time ... 2. Souls with deep sadness strive boldly into the distance does not interfere with the leader of Ukraine. 3. Then Peter's sonorous voice was inspired from above... 4. To oh-where Cossacks are prancing. 5. And where is Mazepa? Where is the villain? Where Did Judas flee in fear? 6. For what Is the king not among the guests? Why is the traitor not on the chopping block? 7. That's why at the cheerful hour the royal thicket is full and the Neva is far shaken by heavy gunfire. 8. A there Even people nest in the mountains. 9. For what does the blackamoor love Desdemona as the moon loves the darkness of the night? 10. Then , that there is no law to the wind and the eagle and the heart of a maiden. eleven. For what , As a Tula assessor, am I not lying in paralysis? 12. For what I don't feel it in my shoulder though rheumatism? 13. An old demon came out of the sea: « For what Are you, Balda, intruding on us?” 14. His forehead in advance crackles. (From the production. A. Pushkin.)

2. 1. I am both a kind worker and a hunter of singing and dancing. from a young age was. (N. Nekrasov.) 2.All around honey dew slides into silver... (S. Yesenin.) 3. After all, everyone stumbled in the heat of the moment, walking towards the light, through the windbreaks. (A. Petrovichev.) 4. We are far from our native land Always melancholy takes over. (V. Kharitonov.) 5.One the familiar feeling of heaviness. (G. Nikolaeva.) 6. For some reason, these apples were the most delicious to eat. in a bite with black bread. (V. Soloukhin.) 7. You probably don’t have enough reason to understand - and even a fool will understand! - that the one who is dearest to all expensive pays. (D. Poor.) 8. Connoisseurs have arrived. The elephant opened the picture. Who stood up further, who came up closer .(S. Mikhalkov.) 9. Friends, there is no need to be timid! Let's glorify our flock and louder nine sisters, let's raise the music and form our own choir! (N. Krylov.)

Exercise 11 . Establish from which part of speech the highlighted adverbs are formed (1. From the name of a noun; 2. from the name of an adjective; 3. from a pronoun; 4. from verb forms; 5. from an adverb; 6. from a numeral name).

1. 1. One day In the cold winter season I came out of the forest; it was severely frosty. 2. It’s bittersweet to return home without mother: dear kids rhyme roared. 3. In our swampy, low-lying region five times There would be more game if they didn’t catch it with nets, if they didn’t crush it with snares. 4. Nine of us We’ve been digging, we’ve worked until midday, we want to have breakfast. (From the production.. N. Nekrasova.)

2. 1. Yesterday and day before yesterday the sun was still showing. (V. Ovechkin.) 2. Masha should have forever leave the parental home. (A. Pushkin.) 3. Startsev stopped restless heart beat. (A. Chekhov.) 4. Going right - the song starts, left - tells a fairy tale. (A. Pushkin.) 5. Grandmother, very old, still plump and ugly, she wrapped her arms around Nadya and cried for a long time, pressing her face to her shoulder, and could not tear herself away. (A. Chekhov.) 6. Stepan silently looked at his wife. (M. Gorky.) 7. Yes, there are words that burn like flames, that drill into the distance and down to the bottom, their replacement with words can be tantamount to treason. (A. Tvardovsky.) 8.When the work in hand is difficult, Then and breathe easily. (V. Kharitonov.) 9.Here the factory multitude flows, here it is tempered in Lenin’s forge. (V. Mayakovsky.) 10. Which here temporary? Get off! Your time is up. (V. Mayakovsky.)

Exercise 12 . Select a row in which all adverbs are formed from nouns. Determine the ways of forming adverbs in other series.

1. From the outside, from time immemorial, at first, in vain, from afar, incessantly, confidently, ardently, completely, like a shepherd.

2. By heart, in spring, in summer, imperiously, brotherly, once, again, mixed up, with your own eyes, on the alert, waddle, confidently.

3. Up, up, skipping, in winter, completely, on time, furtively, running, early in the morning, without restraint, involuntarily, in a hurry.

4. In pursuit, in the dark, contrary, obliquely, stealthily, ford, sideways, gallop, secretly, entirely, sideways, confidently, openly, somewhere.

Exercise 13 . Select a row in which all adverbs are formed only from adjectives. Determine the ways of forming adverbs in other series.

1. Little by little, in vain, briefly, some, for a reason, slightly, blindly, measuredly, four of us, somewhere, ahead.

2. For a long time, a little, a lot, more than once, not once, up, in the distance, today, in the heat of the moment, in Mayakov style, alive.

3. From a young age, drunk, dark, forever, in our way, in a friendly way, in a wolf way, soon, here, there, here.

4. Suddenly, masterfully, monthly, blindly, as before, kindly, forever, idle, recklessly, haughtily, impetuously.

Exercise 14. Determine in which row of words all adverbs are formed from verbs or verb forms.

1. In advance, reluctantly, lying, swarming, subsequently, now, at the same time.

2. Walking, playfully, sneaking, deliberately, oppressively, arrogantly.

3. Almost, slightly, invigorating, stunning, not in vain, regretful.

4. Captivating, amazing, wary, confident, windy, scared, skillful, roaring.

Exercise 15. Find out in which series of words all adverbs are formed from numerals. Indicate from which parts of speech the adverbs in other rows are formed.

1. Double, half, quadruple, completely, first, five, third.

2. Once, for the first time, together, alone, eight, secondly.

3. Twice, five, two, three, at once, first, only.

4. Three times, twice, four times, in two, three times, secondary, little by little, at exorbitant prices.

Exercise 16. Determine in which row all adverbs are formed from adverbs. Indicate from which parts of speech the adverbs in other rows are formed.

1. Therefore, so-so, in reality, ford, not at all.

2. Therefore, a lot, someday, somewhere, to the full, to the ground.

3. Forever, the day after tomorrow, until now, the day before yesterday, somehow.

4. Barely, in my own way, from time to time, from time to time, a lot.

Exercise 17. Determine the ways of formation of the highlighted adverbs. (1. Separation of one of the forms from noun words and its transition into adverbs; 2. Severance and rethinking of individual verbal forms; 3. Merger of significant words; 4. Merger of prepositions with significant words; 5. Formation using affixes). Perform a complete morphological analysis of each adverb.

I. 1. I'll get down to business casually . I'll count every nerve. (M. Borisova.) 2. There is something for us - it’s worth taking a closer look into the distance . (V. Kharitonov.) 3. Ruslan was languishing silently , and having lost both meaning and memory. (A. Pushkin.) 4. Buchinsky lived in the mines happily u, he ate four times a day, and in good weather he liked to wander around the mine. (D. Mamin-Sibiryak.) 5. And during the day, And at night The scientist cat keeps walking around the chain. (A. Pushkin.)

2. 1. At the end of January our regimentfirst stepped onto enemy soil. (R. Aronova.) 2. There is weak, pathetic patience. In it the complete downtroddenness of nature, in it slavish obedience, the stupidity of Russia is the essence at all not like that. (V. Vvtushenko.) 3. Today, he says, it’s too early to get up. A day after tomorrow - late! (V. Mayakovsky.) 4. Better power good leave... (V. Mayakovsky.) 5. And as they fell together, so together non-party guys with commissars are lying in a row. (V. Yevtushenko.) 6. And, holding the stubborn reins of all the elements in his hand, Lenin sees the years of fertility, sees our years in the distance . (N. Brown.) 7. Do everything to help people for real felt cared for. (IN. Azhaev.) 8.Today We are not at the parade, we are on the way to communism. (V. Kharitonov.) 9. We will conquer the planet of Dreams, in reality see everything you dream about. (V. Kharitonov.)

Exercise 18. Find forms of degrees of comparison of adverbs and characterize them.

1. I just looked at the eggs, and the birds, afraid of the human eye, hastened to hide them away (Prishv.). 2. I know one tree in the forest: for how many years it has been fighting for its life, trying to grow higher, to escape from the hands of those who break it (Prishv.). 3. The richest of people are not those who received a lot, but those who gave themselves to people more generously than anyone else (Leon.). 4. During the prolonged evening feast... The Sergunovs discussed their duties in detail (Yu.N.). 5. The sun, thorns, nuts, honey The shadow of every tree smells. Nature triumphs, shines - The day has been blissful for longer than a century (Black). 6. Jealousy is a passion that specifically, greedily seeks what hurts the most (Dud.). 7. The path winds patternedly around the trees and then falls to the left to the ravine, and then rises higher, to the right, to the top of a gentle slope overgrown with birch and aspen groves (O.K.). 8. There are eight bulls in the carriage, some of them turn around, look at people and wave their tails, others try to lie down or sit more comfortably (Ch.). 9. In the city, we felt more strongly the wall that was between us: I am noble and rich, and he is poor, he is not even a nobleman... (Ch.). 10. The frost knocked on the window even more angrily, and the wind sang about something in the chimney (Ch.). 11. It seemed to him [Sintsov] that if he had not made this decision earlier and had not told Serpilin about it, he would now have chickened out and left (Sim.). 12. Due to the lack of artillery and shells, fewer tanks were burned than in previous days, but still nine of them were burned in different places (Sim.). 13. Looking forward to the start, Sintsov stood not far from the banner and talked with the person whom he least expected to meet here (Sim.). 14. Usually, of all the notches in Avtonomov’s character, the most difficult for Grekov was to put up with his merciless sentences to people (Kal.). 15. The Count loved me and sincerely insisted on becoming my friend, but I did not have anything resembling friendship for him and did not even love him; It would therefore be more honest to renounce his friendship directly, once and for all, than to go to him and be a hypocrite (Ch.). 16. [Sergei Vasilievich] told very funny stories from people’s life, he himself laughed loudest, the wicker country furniture moved under him and seemed like straw (V.Ch.).

Exercise 19. Distinguish between the comparative forms of adjectives and adverbs.

1. I have heard enough writers talk (generally fair) about the fact that the more difficult a book is to write, the more thoughtful and strong it is (Paust.). 2. After Meshchera, I began to write differently - simpler, more restrained, began to avoid flashy things and understood the power and poetry of the most unassuming souls and the most seemingly inconspicuous things - for example, the breeze carrying the smell of smoke over the pasture and shaking the red plumes of dry horse sorrel (Paust.). 3. The fields are emptying, and as this happens, the days get shorter and people go to bed earlier in the village, but the stars in the sky are brighter (Prishv.). 4. And in cruel loneliness, her passion burns stronger, And her heart speaks louder about distant Onegin (P.). 5. Rudeness and insults always hurt us deeper than we would like (K.V.). 6. Anna Sergeevna also came in. She sat down in the third row, and when Gurov looked at her, his heart sank, and he clearly understood that for him now in the whole wide world there was no closer, dearer and more important person (Ch.). 7. Nadezhda, without undressing, sat down on a chair and threw back her head. Her face was a little pale, and therefore her smoothly combed hair seemed even darker (B.Sh.). 8. The dawn expanded, covering the sky above the forest, now in a different way, sweeping and more generous, gilding the infrequent islands of oaks and maples on top (Prov.). 9. There is nothing more dismal than the sight of drying up dirty rivers, clearings, burnt areas, all these wastelands brought to life by the ignorance, carelessness and greed of man... (Paust.). 10. Without saying anything, Petya looked at the sky every time, at the peaks of the mountains protruding from the darkness, with each new minute crashing sharper and closer into the brightening sky and uncontrollably attracting them to themselves... (Ex.). 11. But, like wine, the sadness of past days In my soul, the older I get, the stronger it is (P.). 12. I think that everything happened because we had not yet gotten to know each other well and looked at many very important things easily, at least much easier than we should have (G.). 13. A writer may need to temporarily distance himself from an object he saw close up in order to better embrace it (G.). 14. Zinochka’s face seemed stern, colder, as if more marbled, and her eyes looked strangely, straight into my face, and I give you my word of honor that even among hounds, when they drive out a wolf, I have never seen such striking, destroying eyes ( Ch.). 15. But God helped - the murmur became lower, And soon, by the force of things, We found ourselves in Paris, and the Russian Tsar was the head of the Tsars (P.).

Exercise 20. Determine the function of which adverbs (or pronouns-adverbs) the highlighted phraseological units serve.

1. Sintsov, on Serpilin’s instructions, just today asked Khoryshev about Baranov, and Khoryshev answered him displeasedly that Baranov was fighting neither shaky nor shaky(Sim.). 2..Bayukov began to twist in sequence pockets and sprinkle crumbs into the palm of the shag stuck in the seams (Sim.). Z. Sintsov wrote from dictation, and Karaulov, standing behind him like a Cossack, occasionally screwed up various expressions at the Germans (Sim.). 4. A cadet at a medical school in one of the cities of Central Asia, Mikhailov first time, just like everyone else, was overcome by memories (Paust.). 5. “It’s stupid that the ship was late and arrived at night,” thought Kuzmin. “Why did Bashilov, his neighbor in the ward, when he learned that Kuzmin would be passing by Navolok, asked him to give the letter to his wife without fail?” from hand to hand"(Paust.). 6. Having placed his suitcase and overcoat next to the driver and settled down in the back seat,... Zvyagintsev every now and then turned his head, trying to make out the streets along which they were passing (Chuck.). 7. Valitsky did not know that his letters... were not handed over to the marshal at all, day and night busy with urgent matters (Chuck). -8. Occasionally Patrolmen who had taken refuge for a while ran out of the entrances of houses with the intention of blocking the path of the "emka" rushing through the center of the pavement (Chak.). 9. Syromukov got along with himself on the fact that Sooner or later, but it will still rain here (KV.). 10. Lominadze feels like a fish in water in the foundry yard of the blast furnace, on the podium, at the presidium table, at the chessboard in the ITR club (Avd.). 11. Here, in the thick black darkness here and there glimpses of moonlight appeared as sharp spots (Ch.). 12. Having sketched out a plan of the area and asked the coachmen who had taken us with us about the situation in which Olga was found, we drove back, feeling slurping not salty(Ch.). 13. The good thing about fishing is that it leaves us Tet-a-tet with nature, at any time of the day, at any time of the year and in any weather (Paust.). 14. Maltsev did not immediately get used to the front-line situation; death did not frighten him, but he was afraid that he would not be able to properly to fight, he will not find words capable of lifting up the fighters: he was a bookish and uncommunicative man (I.E.). 15. Alexei Abramovich’s marriage life began to flow like clockwork, at all the carriage parties his quadruples and the brilliant carriage and the couple bursting with happiness in this carriage appeared (Hertz.). 16. During these five years, Lyubonka began to feel and understand things that kind people often have no idea about. to the grave... (Hertz.). 17. I wish I could give up all this, take her (Alenka) and leave wherever your eyes look, to the bank of some bright, quiet river... (Ex.). 18. Sokoltsev saw that Pekarev was exhausted until the last, but at the same time, by vague signs, he felt that Pekarev was stone calm, this to some extent calmed Sokoltsev (Pr.).

Exercise 21. Analyze the facts of substantive use of adverbs. What is the lexical meaning of these word forms, syntactic function?

1. ... After all, it is known that nothing is easier than seeing objects from afar the way we want to see them; because you, in this beautiful distance, live completely alien to it, in yourself, within yourself, or in the monotony of a circle, equally tuned in with you and powerless to resist your influence on it (VG. Belinsky to N.V. Gogol). 2. Perhaps the essence of life is insidious, But the eternal path will not be closed by you, - Let tomorrow be worse than yesterday, There is no need for loud and unnecessary speech, only a stupid game will make you laugh, Your path is planned long before you (Ex.). 3. - Here, Evstigneev, we have finished loading the archive. And you said we won’t finish it until tomorrow! - [Yelkin] shouted cheerfully, running past the policeman and not paying attention to Sintsov (Sim.). 4. And then suddenly, from a vague distance, something like a pain point will appear in the chest, which hurts and annoys until something today unnoticeably heals it (V.Ch.).

What are the categories of adverbs?

Anna yayyyy

1) image and method of action
2) measures of degree
3) places
4) time
5)reasons
6)goals
Here! We wrote this in the reference book at school! I can write more examples, do you need them? If you have any questions about Russian, write!

Astar_ta

and also very complete information on this topic - http://www.durov.com/study/1117363463-134.html

Anna Grishko

According to their meaning, adverbs are attributive and adverbial.
Determinative adverbs can refer not only to a verb, but also to an adverb, a noun, or a word of a state category, characterizing them from different sides. Among the attributive adverbs, the following stand out: 1) qualitative adverbs, indicating a qualitative attribute; 2) adverbs of measure and degree; 3) adverbs of image or method of action.
Groups of qualifying adverbs and expressed meanings Examples
1. Qualitative adverbs express a characteristic or assessment of an action or attribute. Sad, strange, monstrous, scary, fast, right.
2. Quantitative adverbs determine the measure or degree of manifestation of an action or attribute. A lot, a little, a little, doubly, triple, three times, six times, very, very, completely, absolutely.
3. Adverbs of image and method of action indicate the method of performing the action. Run, gallop, walk, swim, shuffle, idle, supine, for sure.
Adverbial adverbs most often refer to the verb and characterize the time, place, purpose, and reason for the action. The composition of adverbial adverbs includes: 1) adverbs of place, 2) adverbs of time, 3) adverbs of reason, 4) adverbs of purpose.
Groups of adverbial adverbs and expressed meanings Examples
1. Adverbs of place indicate the place where an action takes place. Far, close, back, from a distance, towards, from the side.
2. Adverbs of time indicate the time of action. Yesterday, today, tomorrow, during the day, at night, in the morning, in the spring, sometimes, now.
3. Adverbs of reason indicate the reason for the action. In the heat of the moment, foolishly, drunk, blindly, involuntarily, not without reason.
4. Adverbs of purpose indicate the purpose of performing an action. Specifically, on purpose, out of spite, in defiance, as a joke, intentionally.
Quantitatively, the language is dominated by attributive adverbs. Then come the adverbs of place and time. The composition of the adverbs of cause and especially of purpose is very small.

Antonina Makhankova

According to their meaning, adverbs are attributive and adverbial.
Determinative adverbs can refer not only to a verb, but also to an adverb, a noun, or a word of a state category, characterizing them from different sides. Among the attributive adverbs, the following stand out: 1) qualitative adverbs, indicating a qualitative attribute; 2) adverbs of measure and degree; 3) adverbs of image or method of action.
Groups of qualifying adverbs and expressed meanings Examples
1. Qualitative adverbs express a characteristic or assessment of an action or attribute. Sad, strange, monstrous, scary, fast, right.
2. Quantitative adverbs determine the measure or degree of manifestation of an action or attribute. A lot, a little, a little, doubly, triple, three times, six times, very, very, completely, absolutely.
3. Adverbs of image and method of action indicate the method of performing the action. Run, gallop, walk, swim, shuffle, idle, supine, for sure.
Adverbial adverbs most often refer to the verb and characterize the time, place, purpose, and reason for the action. The composition of adverbial adverbs includes: 1) adverbs of place, 2) adverbs of time, 3) adverbs of reason, 4) adverbs of purpose.
Groups of adverbial adverbs and expressed meanings Examples
1. Adverbs of place indicate the place where an action takes place. Far, close, back, from a distance, towards, from the side.
2. Adverbs of time indicate the time of action. Yesterday, today, tomorrow, during the day, at night, in the morning, in the spring, sometimes, now.
3. Adverbs of reason indicate the reason for an action. In the heat of the moment, foolishly, drunk, blindly, involuntarily, not without reason.
4. Adverbs of purpose indicate the purpose of performing an action. Specifically, on purpose, out of spite, in defiance, as a joke, intentionally.
Quantitatively, the language is dominated by attributive adverbs. Then come the adverbs of place and time. The composition of the adverbs of cause and especially of purpose is very small.

1. Adverb- an independent part of speech that denotes signs of actions, signs of signs and answers questions How? Where? When? Where? Why? For what? in what degree?

Basic features of adverbs

A) General grammatical meaning	Examples
This is the value of the action attribute or attribute attribute.
If an adverb is attached to a verb, it denotes an action.	It's fun to laugh, run fast, talk loudly, do things in the heat of the moment, do things out of spite.
If an adverb is attached to an adjective or other adverb, then it denotes a characteristic attribute.	Too fast, too fast.
B) Morphological characteristics
Adverbs have no gender, number, case, are not inflected or conjugated.
B) Syntactic features	Examples
In a sentence, adverbs are usually adverbs.	The moon brightly illuminated the entire valley.
Adverbs usually depend on verbs, adjectives and other adverbs, forming phrases with them.	Approach from the right, very cheerful, very cheerful.

Note. In a number of manuals, along with adverbs, state words are highlighted. They are similar in form to adverbs and answer similar questions. But, unlike adverbs, in a sentence they do not depend on other words and are always predicates in an impersonal sentence (cf.: In my heart funny; At night light ). In this manual, state words are included in the category of adverbs.

2. Classes of adverbs by meaning:

	Adverb meanings	Questions	Examples
1	course of action	How? how?	Fun, loud, friendly, friendly, whispering, together.
2	measures and degrees	in what degree? how much?	Very, a little, too much, completely, completely, twice as much.
3	places	Where? Where? where?	Far, to the left, from above, into the distance, back.
4	time	When? since when? How long? how long?	For a long time, always, in the spring, at night, late, already, at first.
5	causes	Why? from what?	In the heat of the moment, blindly, involuntarily.
6	goals	For what? For what?	On purpose, out of spite, for laughs.

3. Degrees of comparison can have adverbs starting with -о (-е), formed from qualitative adjectives:

Wed: cheerful → fun; loud→ loud; fast → quickly .

A) comparative May be:

simple(formed using the suffixes -ee (-ee), -e, -she);

More fun, more fun, more fun, louder, louder, farther, farther.

complex(formed by particles more and less);

More fun, less loud.

b) superlative is usually complex and consists of two words - the comparative form of the adverb and the word all.

The most fun of all, the loudest of all.

Note!

1) Qualitative adverbs in -о (-е) coincide in form with the neuter forms of short adjectives.

Wed: The sea is calm(adjective) - He calmly left(adverb); The sea is calm(adverb).

In order to distinguish between these forms, it should be remembered that short adjectives are usually the predicate in a two-part sentence; adverbs - an adverb or predicate in an impersonal one-part sentence.

2) The simple comparative degree of adjectives is the same as the simple comparative degree of adverbs. In order to distinguish between these forms, you should replace the simple form of the comparative degree with a complex form (they are not the same for adjectives and adverbs) or replace the comparative degree with a positive one.

Wed: He's calmer than me(adjective - he is calmer than me; he's calm) - Speak more calmly(adverb - speak more calmly; speak calmly).

4. Morphological analysis of adverbs:

Adverb parsing plan

I	Part of speech, general grammatical meaning and question.
II	Initial form (unchangeable word; positive degree form - for qualitative adverbs). Morphological characteristics:
	A	Constant morphological characteristics:
		1	immutability;
		2	rank by value;
		3	for qualitative adverbs - mark if used in comparative or superlative degree.
III	Role in sentence(which part of the sentence is the adverb in this sentence).

Examples of adverb parsing

Trofimov stepped forward and stood at attention(Ketlinskaya).

(stepped) forward

1. Adverb; denotes an action sign and a sign sign, answers a question (stepped) Where?
2. N. f. - forward. Morphological features: unchangeable word; rank is an adverb of place.
3. In a sentence there is a circumstance of place.

(Frozen) at attention

1. Adverb; denotes a sign of an action and a sign of a sign, answers a question (frozen) How?
2. N. f. - at attention
3. In a sentence - a circumstance of the manner of action.

It got completely dark(Chakovsky).

(It became) dark

1. Adverb; denotes a sign of action and a sign of a sign, answers the question (became) How?
2. N. f. - dark. Morphological features: unchangeable word; category - adverb of manner of action.
3. In a sentence - the nominal part of the predicate in an impersonal one-part sentence.

At all (dark)

1. Adverb; denotes an action sign and a sign sign, answers a question (dark) in what degree? how much?
2. N. f. - at all. Morphological features: unchangeable word; rank is an adverb of measure and degree.

The sun warms the barns and courtyards more tenderly in the calm(Bunin).

More affectionately (warms)

1. Adverb; denotes a sign of action and a sign of a sign, answers a question (warms) How?
2. N. f. - kindly. Morphological features: unchangeable word; category - adverb of manner of action; used in the simple comparative degree.
3. In a sentence there is a circumstance of measure and degree.

Exercise for the topic “3.5.1. The concept of an adverb. Morphological features of adverbs. Adverb categories. Morphological analysis of adverbs"

The book presents in a concise and accessible form the necessary reference material for all types of analysis in Russian language lessons for the primary school course, and presents many diagrams and examples of grammatical analysis.

§1. General characteristics of the adverb

An adverb is an independent part of speech.

Adverbs are a heterogeneous class of words. It includes indeclinable, inconjugable and inconsistent words. Adverbs are added to other words. Most adverbs are significant words, for example: yesterday, left, in the morning, into the distance, very, but there are also pronominal ones, for example: there, where, where, everywhere (there- index, where, where- interrogative and relative, everywhere- determinative). Pronominal adverbs have the form of adverbs, and the role of pronouns. Pronominal adverbs are among the most ancient.

The class of adverbs is replenished with words from different parts of speech: nouns, adjectives, verbs, numerals. Becoming an adverb, a word loses the characteristics characteristic of other parts of speech, becomes unchangeable, and is used as a stamp.

1. Grammatical meaning- a sign of a sign, a sign of an action, less often - a sign of an object.

Very beautiful is a sign of a sign,
Funny laughing is a sign of action,
Coffee in Turkish- a sign of an object.

Adverbs answer different questions. It is more rational to present them below, when the categories of adverbs by meaning are considered.

2. Morphological characteristics:

• constants - immutability,
• changeable - degrees of comparison (only for adverbs formed from qualitative adjectives: good - better, beautiful - more beautiful).

3. Syntactic role in a sentence- adverbial or predicate in two-part sentences.

We got the job done quickly.

She is married.

Note:

Important information regarding words on -0- in impersonal sentences is given in this chapter at .

§2. Places by value

1. Circumstantial:

1) places (where? where? from where?): on the left, in the distance, above, there, there, below ,

2) time (when? how long?): in spring, yesterday, then, when, long,

3) reasons (why?): rashly, foolishly, stupidly, because

4) goals (why? for what purpose? for what purpose?): why, then, out of spite.

2. Determinatives:

1) qualitative, or mode of action (how? in what way?): fun, slowly, like that, three of us,

2) quantitative, or measures and degrees (to what extent? how much?): very, not at all, three times.

The category of qualitative adverbs is the most numerous.

§3. Qualitative adverbs in -о//-е. Degrees of comparison

Qualitative adverbs are formed from qualitative adjectives using the suffixes -о or -е.
Like adjectives, such adverbs have degrees of comparison, which show how the attribute is manifested: to a greater (smaller) or to the greatest (smallest) degree.
Examples:

• positive degree: The son sings loud.
• comparative degree: The son sings louder, than usual. Son sings louder than his friend.
• superlative: The son sings loudest.

Like adjectives, adverbs have degrees of comparison: simple and compound.
The simple comparative degree is formed using the suffixes: -ee-, -ey-, -e-, -she-, for example:

fun - more fun (more fun),
easy - easier,
thin - thinner.

The compound form of the comparative degree of adverbs is formed by a combination of words more or less and adverb forms in the positive degree, for example:

more thin, less easily, more clearly, less bright.

The superlative also has a simple and a compound form, but in modern language the compound form is more common. It is formed using the words: most or least: most seriously, least brightly, as well as words everyone And Total, for example, more seriously everyone tastier Total.

Note:

After the words most And least the adverb is used in a positive degree, and before words everyone And Total adverb - to a comparative degree.

Simple superlative adverbs are found only in some stable combinations: most humbly, most humbly, most deeply, most respectfully I beg.

For some adverbs, the degree of comparison is a constant feature.

You more Don't write to me. You better Don't write to me.

Here are the words bigger, better are not degrees of comparison.

Usually adverbs in the comparative or superlative degrees of comparison express the same meaning as an adverb in the positive degree: The son sang louder(even more loud, value component loud relatively preserved).

In the above examples: You to me more do not write ( more does not mean: a lot of). You to me better do not write ( better does not mean: Fine)

§4. What to count with what? Adverbs and words of state category

As always, this section discusses various interpretations, opinions, and points of view.

What is the problem? What is being discussed?

There is a group of words in a language that have certain features.
These words denote the state of nature or man:

On the street Cold. To me Cold.

Formally, this group combines words with the suffix -o, formed from qualitative adjectives and having degrees of comparison.

It got cold outside . On the street colder than at home. It was coldest on the first floor.

From the examples it is clear that in a sentence these words are part of the predicate in impersonal sentences.

Traditionally, this group of words was considered as a group of special adverbs and was not identified as a separate part of speech. A number of authors highlight a special part of speech in their textbooks. They call it differently. Most often, following Academician V.V. Vinogradov - status category. Other names for this group of words are also known: predicative adverbs, words of condition and even state name.

• To her Cold(cat. condition).
• She answered Cold(adverb).
• Her face was Cold , there was not even a shadow of a smile on him (short adjective).

Words: you can, you can’t, it’s a shame, it’s time, it’s a pity and other similar homonyms among other parts of speech do not have. They are used only as part of a predicate impersonal sentence and belong to the category of state.

An alternative view defines these words as a special subgroup of adverbs. In this case, in order to maintain consistency, it is necessary to understand that adverbs in a sentence can be an adverb, some adverbs can be an adverb and a predicate in an impersonal sentence, and some can only be a predicate in an impersonal sentence.

There was a forest to the right.
She answered coldly.
She felt cold.
I was ashamed.

Test of strength

Check your understanding of this chapter.

Final test

1. Is it correct to believe that adverbs include indeclinable, inconjugable and inconsistent words?

2. What is the syntactic relationship between adverbs and other words?

   • Coordination
   • Control
   • Adjacency

3. Are all adverbs significant words?

4. Which adverbs have an inconstant (changeable) sign of degree of comparison?

   • Everyone has
   • In adverbs formed from qualitative adjectives

5. What suffixes are used to form adverbs from qualitative adjectives?

   • Suffixes -o- or -e-
   • Suffixes -mu- (-him-)
   • Suffix -yh- (-their-)

6. To what extent are qualitative adverbs the feature manifested to a greater or lesser extent?

   • To a positive extent
   • To a comparative extent
   • Superlative

7. To what extent is the characteristic of qualitative adverbs manifested to the greatest or least degree?

   • To a positive extent
   • To a comparative extent
   • Superlative

8. What category of meaning do the adverbs belong to: rashly, foolishly, out of stinginess, out of stupidity, out of ignorance?

   • Time
   • Causes

9. What category do adverbs belong to: fun, slow, fast, threesome?

   • Quality
   • Quantitative

Serving to describe a property (or attribute, as it is called in grammar) of an object, action or other property (that is, attribute).

Peculiarities

If an adverb is attached to a verb or a gerund, it describes the property of an action. If it is used together with an adjective or participle, it characterizes the property of the attribute, and if an adverb is combined with a noun, it denotes the property of the object.

“How, when, where and why? From where and where? Why, how much and to what extent? - these are the questions that the adverb answers.

It does not have the ability to change its grammatical form, so it is interpreted as an unchangeable part of speech. An adverb has two morphological features - it forms groups associated with different meanings, and in some cases has

Value groups

There are six main semantic groups of adverb words.

Degrees of comparison

Adverbs can be formed from different parts of speech. Those of them that are formed from qualitative adjectives have degrees of comparison.

• The comparative degree, in turn, is simple when its form is formed and compound, when the adverb in the comparative degree is formed using the words “less” or “more.” Here are some examples:

  Simple form: slow - slower, bright - brighter, thin - thinner, etc.;
  - compound form: sonorous - more sonorous, solemn - less solemn.

• The superlative degree of qualitative adverbs is formed by attaching the lexemes “most” and “least” to a neutral word, for example: “This speech most successfully demonstrates my oratory skills.”

• In some cases, the superlative degree is obtained by combining the comparative degree with the pronouns “all”, “all”, for example: “I jumped the highest.” “What he liked best was Beethoven’s music.”

• Some adverbs of the superlative and comparative degrees have a different root: many - more - more than all; bad - worse - worst of all, etc.

Syntactic role

• “Anna walked up the steps (how?) solemnly.” In this sentence, the adverb is an adverb.
• “We were served soft-boiled eggs (what?) and meat (what?) in French.” In this case, the adverbs fulfill the mission
• “Your gift (what?) came in handy.” In this case, the adverb is the nominal part of the compound predicate. A verb without it cannot be perceived here as a full-fledged predicate.

Spelling adverbs

Which letter should the adverb end with in this or that case? How not to make a mistake with her choice? There is an algorithm.

It is necessary, however, to remember that if an adverb comes from a noun or adjective that already has this prefix, then at the end of the adverb we will write the letter O. Example: pass the exam ahead of schedule (adverb from the adjective early).

At the end, after the hissing ones in the adverb, we will write completely covered with clouds; ran at a gallop; go away. We find exceptions only in the word “unbearable” and in the word “married” - here the hissing ones remain without a soft sign.

Hyphen and adverb

What will help determine whether or not to write a word with a hyphen? Let's remember the following rule: we use a hyphen to write words that

• Derived from pronouns and adjectives with a prefix By- and suffixes - him, -oh, -and.Examples: it will be my way; disperse on good terms; talk like one's own.
• Derived from numerals with the participation of the prefix in- (in-) and suffixes -s, -their: firstly, thirdly.
• Arose through the participation of the console some or suffixes -something, -either. Examples: There's something for you; someone asked you; someday you will remember; if there is a fire anywhere.
• By adding words that are similar in meaning or repeating: happened a long time ago; barely move.

Finally

The Russian language is colorful and expressive. The adverb plays one of the main roles in this, providing our speech with expressive and rich details. The adverb is fraught with many secrets and, according to linguists, is still in development.