A complex sentence is a structural, semantic and intonational combination of predicative units that are grammatically similar to a simple sentence. A complex sentence is a special syntactic unit of the communicative level, different from a simple sentence, having a more complex structure and content and consisting of predicative parts, similar in structure to a simple sentence, but not having semantic, functional and intonation independence.
A complex sentence is characterized by the following features:
· polypredicativeness, i.e. the presence of two or more predicative parts connected by a syntactic connection,
· polyevent or polypropositivity (unlike a simple sentence, a complex sentence tells us not about one separate proposition (situation), but about several propositions and the relationships between them: ),
· semantic completeness,
· intonation completeness,
· structural scheme.
The unity and integrity of a complex sentence is created by various means of communication, which include:
· Intonation: parts of a complex sentence do not have intonation completeness, which is one of the main features of a sentence as a communicative unit (this feature is inherent in the complex sentence as a whole): The foam boiled and splashes of water flew through the air(before union And the voice rises, and the decrease in voice characteristic of a narrative sentence appears only at the end of the second part of a complex sentence);
· Unions or allied words:The son silently took the flail, and the work began in four flails; Where a horse goes with its hoof, there goes a crayfish with its claw;
· Lexical composition: in one or another part of a complex sentence there may be words indicating its non-independence
ness: One thing was certain: he would not come back.(the first part needs clarification of the word one in it);
· Syntactic structure parts (incompleteness of one of the parts, structural parallelism of parts): Pavel feels that someone's fingers are touching his arm above the elbow(the first part needs distribution); She had not seen Alexei yet, while all the young neighbors were talking only about(parallelism of the arrangement of sentence members in both parts);
· Order of parts: some types of complex sentences allow only one specific order of parts:
The rope was almost the length of the entire room, so that only the opposite corner could be safe from the attack of a terrible beast.(rearrangement of parts is not possible);
· Shape ratio predicate verbs: His fox-shaven face smiled pleasantly, and his eyes squinted, looking around at everyone gathered.
current(the meaning of simultaneity is conveyed by imperfect forms);
According to the nature of the means of communication between predicative parts, complex sentences are divided into two types: conjunction and non-conjunction.
· allied connections are made using coordinating or subordinating conjunctions or allied words. In non-union sentences, due to the absence of conjunctions, intonation comes to the fore as a means of communication between predicative parts.
Conjunctive sentences are divided into compound and complex sentences. Compound sentences are those whose predicative parts are semantically equivalent and are connected by coordinating conjunctions: And it was stuffy in the dark gorge and smelled of rot.
Compound sentences have the following structural and semantic types. Science has described several structurally semantic types of complex sentences. There are several structural and semantic types of BSC, which will be discussed below.
SSP with connecting conjunctions and, yes, neither(repeated)
which usually connect homogeneous predicative parts and express connecting relations with the meaning of simultaneity of actions, states, phenomena or their time
sequences: It was very warm in the sunshine and smelled of earth. The string trembles barely audibly, and the song spreads out into the wild.
Connective relationships can be complicated by distributive meaning. In this case, the second predicative part uses the pronoun This, with the help of which the meaning of the first predicative part is extended: Everyone around was talking about love, and this irritated Vera Petrovna.
Significantly less often in BSC with union And conditional-effect, cause-and-effect and adversarial-concessional relationships can be observed. Conditional relations are expressed using the conjunction And and a predicate verb in the form of conditional
inclination: If only you had arrived on time, we wouldn't have missed the train..Cause-and-effect relationships are expressed using a conjunction And and adverbs because, therefore, therefore or introductory words
means, therefore:Pilot Fedoseev looked at me sternly, and therefore I could not disobey. The river is covered with snow, which means you can freely cross to the other side.Disgusting-
concessionary relations are expressed by a combination of union And with particles nevertheless, nevertheless, nevertheless: She has a lot of work, and yet she manages to get everything done.
The SSP with the conjunction is rarely used in literary language Yes. Typically, such sentences have a colloquial-everyday connotation:
Only the cuckoo was crowing in the distance and screaming like a crazy jackdaw. Union yes expresses temporary relationships.
Sometimes a connecting repeating conjunction is used no no, connecting negative predicative parts and intensifying
negating: No arrows flew, no guns thundered.
BSCs with connecting unions can have both a flexible and non-flexible structure, both an open and a closed structure.
SSP with adversarial alliances(and, but, however, on the other hand And
etc.) express relations of opposition or comparison of phenomena, their inconsistency. These sentences consist of no more than two predicative parts and have a closed structure. The most common type of BSC with an adversative conjunction is the BSC with a conjunction A. This conjunction is called comparative because
· with its help, objects or persons are compared in the MSP according to their
properties and actions: There were two fires burning on the shore, but there was no one at sea. Lenka dozed off, and grandfather Arkhip could not sleep.
Union But expresses the opposition to what is said in the first part of the sentence: The sun has set, but it’s still light in the forest.
Union But expresses an adversative-restrictive meaning, namely: in the second part of the sentence an action is called that prevents the action named in the first part: I really want
I wanted to watch the quail hunt, but my mother wouldn’t let me..
Union but, in addition to the general meaning of opposition, contains an additional semantic connotation of compensation: The guns rust in the arsenals, but the shakos sparkle.Same value with from-
tenkom amplification contains a combination of conjunctions but.
Union same, relative to the particle same combines the meanings of opposition and reinforcement: The student himself laughed the most and loudest, and he was the one who stopped most of all..Union same dis-
is not placed between the predicative parts, but as part of the second predicative part.
Sometimes in BSC with adversarial relationships the conjunction is used Yes in the meaning of the union But. This conjunction gives the statement a colloquial tone: The elbow is close, but you won’t bite.
Union however has an additional semantic connotation of the introductory word if it is not at the beginning of the second part: The cannonade became weaker,
however, the crackle of guns was heard more and more often. The weather was windy, the wind, however, was not entirely fair.
Typically, BSCs with adversarial conjunctions have an inflexible and closed structure.
SSP with dividing unions(or, either, whether... whether, then... then etc.) indicate the mutual exclusion of phenomena, their alternation, and the uncertainty of their perception: Let him move to the village, or I will move from here. There was a bang somewhere, then suddenly there was a howl. Either the rustle of an ear, the flutter of the breeze, or a warm hand stroking your hair.
BSCs with disjunctive alliances usually have a flexible and open structure.
SSPs with connecting, gradational and identifying conjunctions are much less common. These sentences have a rigid and closed structure.
BSC with connecting unions(yes and, and, yes etc.) express connecting relations in which the content of the second part of a complex sentence represents an additional message or additional remark related to the content of the first part: Here my voice became coarse in the harsh wind, and my heart also became coarse.Sometimes place-nominal adverbs are added to the conjunction besides, because, serving to express the clarification of any thought: A lot could be done in one day, and yet time flew by unnoticed..
BSC with gradational unions(not so much... as, not really... but) express the relationship of the simultaneous existence of two homogeneous phenomena, the second of which is of great significance: He was not so much sick as his whole soul was trying to find himself in this world Gradational conjunctions are double, that is, parts of the conjunctions are located simultaneously in both predicative parts of a complex sentence.
BSC with identifying conjunctions(and, too, also)
express the relations of simultaneous existence of identical or similar phenomena: People were very hungry, horses also needed rest The identifying conjunction is located inside the second predicative part.
A sentence is a syntactic unit characterized by semantic and grammatical completeness. One of its main features is the presence of predicative parts. According to the number of grammatical bases, all sentences are classified as simple or complex. Both perform their main function in speech - communicative.
Types of complex sentences in Russian
A complex sentence consists of two or more simple sentences connected to each other using conjunctions or just intonation. At the same time, its predicative parts retain their structure, but lose their semantic and intonational completeness. Methods and means of communication determine the types of complex sentences. A table with examples allows you to identify the main differences between them.
Compound Sentences
Their predicative parts are independent in relation to each other and equal in meaning. They can be easily divided into simple ones and rearranged. Coordinating conjunctions, which are divided into three groups, act as a means of communication. Based on them, the following types of complex sentences with coordinating connections are distinguished.
- With connecting conjunctions: AND, ALSO, YES (=AND), ALSO, NEITHER...NOR, NOT ONLY...BUT AND, AS...SO AND, YES AND. In this case, parts of compound conjunctions will be located in different simple sentences.
The whole city was already asleep, I Same went home. Soon Anton Not only I re-read all the books in my home library, but also turned to his comrades.
A feature of complex sentences is that the events described in different predicative parts can occur simultaneously ( AND thunder roared And the sun was breaking through the clouds), sequentially ( The train rumbled And a dump truck rushed after him) or one follows from the other ( It's already completely dark, And it was necessary to disperse).
- With adversative conjunctions: BUT, A, HOWEVER, YES (= BUT), THEN, THE SAME. These types of complex sentences are characterized by the establishment of opposition relations ( Grandfather seemed to understand everything, But Grigory had to convince him of the need for the trip for a long time) or comparisons ( Some were fussing in the kitchen, A others started cleaning the garden) between its parts.
- With disjunctive conjunctions: EITHER, OR, NOT THAT...NOT THAT, THAT...THAT, EITHER...EITHER. The first two conjunctions can be single or repeating. It was time to get to work, or he would be fired. Possible relationships between parts: mutual exclusion ( Either Pal Palych really had a headache, either he just got bored), alternation ( All day long That the blues took hold, That suddenly there was an inexplicable attack of fun).
Considering the types of complex sentences with a coordinating connection, it should be noted that the connecting conjunctions ALSO, ALSO and the adversative SAME are always located after the first word of the second part.
Main types of complex sentences with subordinating connections
The presence of a main and dependent (subordinate) part is their main quality. The means of communication are subordinating conjunctions or allied words: adverbs and relative pronouns. The main difficulty in distinguishing them is that some of them are homonymous. In such cases, a hint will help: an allied word, unlike a conjunction, is always a member of a sentence. Here are examples of such homoforms. I knew for sure What(union word, you can ask a question) look for me. Tanya completely forgot What(union) the meeting was scheduled for the morning.
Another feature of NGN is the location of its predicative parts. The location of the subordinate clause is not clearly defined. It can stand before, after or in the middle of the main part.
Types of subordinate clauses in SPP
It is traditional to correlate dependent parts with members of a sentence. Based on this, there are three main groups into which such complex sentences are divided. Examples are presented in the table.
Subordinate clause type | Question | Means of communication | Example |
|
Definitive | Which, which, whose, when, what, where, etc. | There was a house near the mountain, a roof whom I'm already pretty thin. |
||
Explanatory | Cases | What (s. and s.w.), how (s. and s.w.), so that, as if, as if, or... or, who, like, etc. | Mikhail didn't understand How solve the problem of. |
|
Circumstantial | When? How long? | When, while, how, barely, while, since, etc. | The boy waited until Bye the sun hasn't set at all. |
|
Where? Where? Where? | Where, where, where | Izmestiev put the papers there, Where no one could find them. |
||
Why? From what? | Because, since, for, due to the fact that, etc. | The driver stopped for the horses suddenly began to snort. |
||
Consequences | What follows from this? | By morning it cleared up So the detachment moved on. |
||
Under what conditions? | If, when (= if), if, once, in case | If the daughter did not call for a week, the mother involuntarily began to worry. |
||
For what? For what purpose? | In order to, in order to, in order to, in order to, if only, | Frolov was ready for anything to get this place. |
||
Despite what? In spite of what? | Although, despite the fact that, even if, for nothing, whoever, etc. | Overall the evening was a success Although and there were minor shortcomings in its organization. |
||
Comparisons | How? Like what? | As if, exactly, as if, just as, as if, just as, as if, | Snowflakes flew down in large, frequent flakes, as if someone poured them out of a bag. |
|
Measures and degrees | To what extent? | What, in order, how, as if, as if, how much, how much | There was such silence What I felt somehow uneasy. |
|
Connection | what (in the oblique case), why, why, why = the pronoun this | There was still no car, from what The anxiety only grew. |
||
SPP with several subordinate clauses
Sometimes a complex sentence may contain two or more dependent parts that relate to each other in different ways.
Depending on this, the following methods of connecting simple ones into complex sentences are distinguished (examples help to build a diagram of the described structures).
- With consistent submission. The next subordinate clause depends directly on the previous one. It seemed to me, What this day will never end, because There were more and more problems.
- With parallel homogeneous subordination. Both (all) subordinate clauses depend on one word (the entire part) and belong to the same type. This construction resembles a sentence with homogeneous members. There can be coordinating conjunctions between subordinate clauses. It soon became clear What it was all just a bluff So what no major decisions were made.
- With parallel heterogeneous subordination. Dependents are of different types and refer to different words (the entire part). Garden, which sowed in May, already produced the first harvest, That's why life became easier.
Non-union complex sentence
The main difference is that the parts are connected only in meaning and intonation. Therefore, the relationships developing between them come to the fore. They are the ones who influence the placement of punctuation marks: commas, dashes, colons, semicolons.
Types of non-union complex sentences
- The parts are equal, the order of their arrangement is free. Tall trees grew to the left of the road , to the right stretched a shallow ravine.
- The parts are unequal, the second:
- reveals the contents of the 1st ( These sounds caused concern: (= namely) in the corner someone was rustling persistently);
- complements the 1st ( I peered into the distance: someone’s figure appeared there);
- indicates the reason ( Sveta laughed: (= because) the neighbor’s face was smeared with dirt).
3. Contrasting relationships between parts. This manifests itself in the following:
- the first indicates a time or condition ( I'm five minutes late - there is no one anymore);
- in the second unexpected result ( Fedor just got up to speed - the opponent immediately remained behind); opposition ( The pain becomes unbearable - you be patient); comparison ( Looks from under his brows - Elena will immediately burn with fire).
JV with different types of communications
Often there are constructions that contain three or more predicative parts. Accordingly, between them there can be coordinating and subordinating conjunctions, allied words or only punctuation marks (intonation and semantic relations). These are complex sentences (examples are widely presented in fiction) with various types of connections. Mikhail has long wanted to change his life, But Something was constantly stopping him; As a result, the routine bogged him down more and more every day.
The diagram will help to summarize information on the topic “Types of complex sentences”:
Difficult sentence- this is a sentence that contains at least two grammatical bases (at least two simple sentences) and represents a semantic and grammatical unity, formalized intonationally.
For example: Ahead of us, a brown, clayey bank descended steeply, and behind us a wide grove darkened.
Simple sentences within a complex sentence do not have intonation and semantic completeness and are called predicative parts (constructions) of a complex sentence.
Difficult sentence is closely related to the simple sentence, but differs from it both structurally and in the nature of the message.
Therefore, determine difficult sentence- this means, first of all, to identify the features that distinguish it from a simple sentence.
The structural difference is obvious: a complex sentence is a grammatically formed combination of sentences (parts), somehow adapted to each other, whereas a simple sentence is a unit functioning outside of such a combination(hence its definition as a simple sentence). As part of a complex sentence, its parts are characterized by grammatical and intonation interconnectedness, as well as interdependence of content. In communicative terms, the difference between simple and complex sentences comes down to the difference in the volume of messages they convey.
A simple unextended sentence reports one single situation.
For example: The boy writes; The girl is reading; It's getting dark; Winter came; We have guests; I'm having fun.
Difficult sentence reports about several situations and the relationships between them or (a specific case) about one situation and the attitude towards it on the part of its participants or the speaker.
For example: The boy writes and the girl reads; When the boy writes, the girl reads; He doubts that you will like this book; I'm afraid that my arrival will not please anyone.
Thus, difficult sentence- this is an integral syntactic unit, which is a grammatically formalized combination of sentences and functions as a message about two or more situations and the relationships between them.
Depending on the way simple sentences are connected as part of a complex All complex sentences are divided into two main types: non-union (communication is carried out only with the help of intonation) and allied (communication is carried out not only with the help of intonation, but also with the help of special means of communication: conjunctions and allied words - relative pronouns and adverbs).
Conjunctive sentences are divided into compound and complex sentences.
In complex sentences, simple sentences are connected by coordinating conjunctions and, a, but, or, then... then etc. Parts of a complex sentence are semantically equivalent, as a rule.
In complex sentences, simple sentences are connected by subordinating conjunctions what, so, how, if, since, although etc. and allied words which, whose, where, where etc., which express different meanings of dependence: cause, effect, purpose, condition etc.
As part of a complex sentence, the main and subordinate clauses (or, what is the same, the main and subordinate parts) are distinguished.
Subordinate clause the part of a complex sentence that contains a subordinating conjunction or a conjunctive pronominal word is called; The main sentence is that part of a complex sentence to which the subordinate clause is attached (or correlated).
In the schemes of non-union and complex sentences, simple sentences are indicated by square brackets, the main sentence in the complex is also indicated, and subordinate clauses are enclosed in parentheses. Diagrams indicate means of communication and punctuation marks.
For example:
1) Seagulls circled over the lake, two or three longboats were visible in the distance.
, . – non-union complex sentence (BSP).
2)The driver slammed the door and the car sped away.
AND . – complex sentence (CSS).
3) I knew that in the morning my mother would go to the field to reap rye.
, (What...). – complex sentence (SPP).
A special group of complex sentences consists of sentences with different types of connections.
For example: Painting is poetry that is seen, and poetry is painting that is heard.(Leonardo da Vinci). This is a complex sentence with composition and subordination.
The scheme of this sentence: , (which...), and , (which...).
Coordinating and subordinating connections in a complex sentence are not identical to coordinating and subordinating connections in a phrase and a simple sentence.
Main Differences boil down to the following.
In a complex sentence, a sharp line cannot always be drawn between composition and subordination: in many cases, the same relationship can be formalized by both a coordinating and a subordinating conjunction.
Composition And subordination of the proposalth - these are such ways of detecting the semantic relations existing between them, of which one (essay) conveys these relations in a less dismembered form, and the other (subordination) in a more differentiated form. In other words, coordinating and subordinating conjunctions differ primarily in their revealing (formalizing) capabilities.
So, for example, if, in a subordinating relationship, concessional, cause- or conditional-effect relationships receive a specialized, unambiguous expression with the help of conjunctions although, because if, then when composing, all these meanings can be formalized by the same connecting conjunction and.
For example: You can be an excellent doctor - and at the same time not know people at all(Chekhov); You came - and it was light, the winter dream was blown away, and spring began to hum in the forest(Block); Winter is like a magnificent funeral. Leave your home outside, Add some currants to the twilight, Douse with wine - that’s kutya(Parsnip); We didn’t bother with the child - and he doesn’t know music(V. Meyerhold).
Similarly, adversative conjunctions A And But may form concessionary relations: The boy was small, but he spoke and behaved with dignity(Trifonov); He's a celebrity, but he's a simple soul(Chekhov); conditional: My enthusiasm may cool, and then everything will perish(Aksakov); investigative: I know you are saying all this in irritation, and therefore I am not angry with you(Chekhov); comparative: You should laugh until you drop at my antics, and you are on guard(Chekhov).
When prompted, disjunctive conjunctions can formalize a conditional meaning, within the framework of a subordinating connection, expressed by the conjunction if (not)... then: You get married or I'll curse you(Fluff.); Either you get dressed now, or I'll go alone(Letters); One of two things: either he takes her away, act energetically, or give her a divorce(L. Tolstoy). Precisely because, by the nature of the relationships expressed, composition and the subordination of sentences are not sharply opposed to each other, close interaction is revealed between them.
2)The coordinating connection in a complex sentence is independent ; in a simple sentence it is associated with the expression of the relation of syntactic homogeneity. Another difference is also significant: in a simple sentence, the composition serves only the purposes of expanding and complicating the message; in a complex sentence, composition is one of two types of syntactic connections that organize such a sentence itself.
3) Composition and subordination relate differently to non-unionism.
The essay is close to non-union. The revealing (formalizing) possibilities of composition, compared with the possibilities of subordination, are weaker, and from this point of view, composition is not only not equivalent to subordination, but is also much further away from it than from non-union.
An essay is both a syntactic and a lexical method of communication: the relationship that arises between sentences on the basis of their semantic interaction with each other, as already noted, does not receive an unambiguous expression here, but is characterized only in the most general and undifferentiated form.
Further specification and narrowing of this meaning is carried out in the same way as with non-union - based on the general semantics of the connected sentences or (where possible) on certain lexical indicators: particles, introductory words, demonstrative and anaphoric pronouns and pronominal phrases. In some cases, differentiating functions are assumed by the relationships between types, tense forms and inclinations.
Thus, the conditional consequential meaning in sentences with the conjunction And is revealed more clearly when combining forms of the imperative mood (usually, but not necessarily, perfective verbs) in the first sentence with forms of other moods or with forms of the present-future tense in the second: Experience consistency in good deeds, and then only call a person virtuous(Griboyedov, correspondence).
If coordinating conjunctions are easily and naturally combined with lexical means of communication, forming unstable conjunctions with them ( and so, here and, well and, and therefore, and therefore, and therefore, therefore and, and therefore, and means, and therefore, therefore and, and then, then and, and on that condition etc.), then subordinating conjunctions themselves quite clearly differentiate the semantic relationships between sentences.
4) At the same time the subordinating relationship in a complex sentence is less clear than in the phrase. It very often happens that some component of the meaning that is created by the interaction of sentences as part of a complex remains outside the revealing capabilities of the subordinating conjunction, counteracting its meaning or, on the contrary, enriching it in one way or another.
So, for example, in complex sentences with the conjunction When, if there is a message about emotional reactions or states in the main sentence, elements of causal meaning appear with greater or lesser force against the background of the actual temporary meaning: The poor teacher covered his face with his hands when he heard about such an act of his former students.(Gogol); [Masha:] I am worried and offended by rudeness, I suffer when I see that a person is not subtle enough, soft enough, kind enough(Chekhov); The native, ocher-painted train station appeared. My heart sank sweetly when I heard the ringing of the station bell(Belov).
If the content of the subordinate clause is assessed from the point of view of necessity or desirability, the temporary meaning is complicated by the target one: Sweet things like this are said when they want to justify their indifference(Chekhov). In other cases, with an alliance When comparative values are found ( No one has ever gotten up when I was completely ready. (Aksakov) or inconsistencies ( What kind of groom is there when he’s just afraid to come?(Dostovsky).
The third type of connection in a complex sentence is often distinguished non-union connection .
However, with the exception of one particular case, when the relations between non-conjunctive sentences (conditional) are expressed by a completely definite relationship between the forms of the predicates ( If I didn’t invite him, he would be offended; If a true friend had been nearby, the trouble would not have happened), non-union is not a grammatical connection.
Therefore, the distinction between composition and subordination in relation to non-union is impossible, although in semantic terms a very definite correlation is established between different types of non-union, complex and complex sentences.
So, for example, by the nature of the relations, combinations of sentences are very close to the sphere of subordination, of which one occupies the position of an object distributor within the other ( I hear someone knocking somewhere), or characterizes what is reported in another sentence, from the point of view of certain accompanying circumstances ( What snow there was, I was walking!, i.e. (when I was walking)). The relations that develop between sentences in the absence of a conjunction can receive ungrammatical expression with the help of certain, to varying degrees, specialized elements of vocabulary: pronominal words, particles, introductory words and adverbs, which are also used as auxiliary means in complex sentences of allied types, especially complex ones.
The combination of two or more sentences into one complex sentence is accompanied by their formal, modal, intonation and content adaptation to each other. Sentences that are parts of a complex sentence do not have intonation, and often substantive (informative) completeness; Such completeness characterizes the entire complex sentence as a whole.
As part of a complex sentence, the modal characteristics of the combined sentences undergo significant changes:
firstly, here the objective-modal meanings of the parts enter into various interactions, and as a result of these interactions a new modal meaning is formed, which relates to the plane of reality or unreality the entire message contained in the complex sentence as a whole;
secondly, in the formation of the modal characteristics of a complex sentence, conjunctions (primarily subordinating ones) can take an active part, which make their own adjustments to the modal meanings of both parts of the complex sentence and their combination with each other;
thirdly, and finally, in a complex sentence, in contrast to a simple one, a close connection and dependence of objective-modal meanings and those subjective-modal meanings, which are very often contained in the conjunctions themselves and in their analogues, is revealed.
A feature of sentences that are part of a complex sentence may be the incompleteness of one of them (usually not the first), due to the tendency to non-repetition in a complex sentence of those semantic components that are common to both of its parts. Mutual adaptation of sentences when combined into a complex sentence can manifest itself in the order of words, mutual restrictions on types, forms of tense and mood, and in restrictions on the target setting of the message. As part of a complex sentence, the main part may have an open syntactic position for the subordinate clause. In this case, the main part also has special means to indicate this position; such means are demonstrative pronominal words. Types and methods of formal adaptation of sentences when combined into a complex syntactic unit are considered when describing specific types of complex sentences.
DIFFICULT SENTENCE
Signs of a complex sentence. Comparative characteristics of simple and complex sentences. The concept of the structural diagram of a sentence.
A complex sentence is a sentence containing two or more grammatical (predicative) stems. If a sentence has two bases, then it is called two-part (or two-part), if there are more than two bases in a sentence, then it is called polynomial (multipartite, numerous). In accordance with the didactic principle “from simple to complex,” the study of types of complex sentences should begin with two-part constructions.
The school definition of a complex sentence, which states that it consists of several simple ones, is not entirely correct, since a complex sentence is not a mechanical combination of simple sentences. In many cases, parts of a complex sentence, taken separately, do not have semantic and intonation completeness, and in a number of cases cannot exist separately and grammatically. Let's look at a specific example.
The Russian language is so rich and flexible, / that we have nothing to take from those / who are poorer than us (I. S. Turgenev)
(Oblique lines mark the boundaries between parts of a complex sentence).
None of the parts of this sentence can exist independently, separately from this complex sentence.
Let's compare simple and complex sentences.
| Simple sentence | Difficult sentence |
| 1. Structure | |
| One predicative stem | Two or more predicative stems that are not independent sentences |
| 2. Function | |
| Communicative and nominative (i.e. naming) function: The Rooks Have Arrived(title of the painting by A. Savrasov), A Farewell to Arms!(title of the novel by E. Hemingway) | The main function is communicative. Rarely used in the nominative: Stop, or my mom will shoot!(title of the film by R. Spottiswoode). |
| 3. Grammatical meaning | |
| The sentence as a whole is predicative. | Every part of a sentence has predicative properties. |
To describe and classify complex sentences, the concept is used structural diagram of a complex sentence. These are the rules for connecting parts of a complex sentence, which are combined around three characteristics:
1. The nature of the syntactic connection (coordinating, subordinating, non-union) and the means of expressing this connection (conjunction, allied word).
2. Semantic relations between parts of the sentence. One component of a complex sentence may contain some word that requires expansion, clarification, or explanation, which is carried out by another. component: To me dreamed that I'm not alone.
In this regard, they highlight open and closed structures.
Open These are complex sentences that can be continued while maintaining the connection between the components. These are, for example, sentences listing facts: The transparent forest alone turns black, and the spruce turns green through the frost, and the river glitters under the ice.(A.S. Pushkin).
Closed it is impossible to continue the structure while maintaining semantic relationships. Such structures are, for example, all other sentences given as examples in this section.
3. The order of the parts. There are sentences whose parts can be swapped without affecting the meaning (flexible structures), and at the same time there are sentences whose parts cannot be swapped ( inflexible structures).
The parts of a complex sentence are not fully equal to simple sentences.
A complex sentence consists of two or more complicated simple sentences.*
A sentence containing more than two grammatical stems is called polynomial or polypartite.
Each part of a complex sentence has its own predication.
2 What characteristics are included in the concept of a structural diagram of a complex sentence?
Semantic relationship between components
Order of parts
Components that complicate a proposal.
The nature of the syntactic connection and the means of expressing this connection
3 Describe the proposals based on their structural features
Bogucharovo lay in a flat area covered with fields and cut and uncut birch and spruce forests.
It was dawn and it was time to go out to sea.
Select... Complex sentence Complex simple sentence Simple sentence
Let Gagarin be forever famous and Titov forever famous!
Select... Complex sentence Complex simple sentence Simple sentence
On a stormy December evening, I didn’t want to go into this empty field covered with snow.
Select... Complex sentence Complex simple sentence Simple sentence
4 Indicate the line with the correct characteristics of the sentence I love the mountain at the beginning of May, when the first spring thunder, as if frolicking and playing, rumbles in the blue sky (F. I. Tyutchev)
Open structure, flexible
Closed structure, flexible
Structure open, inflexible *
Closed structure, inflexible
2. Complex sentence (SSP)
SSP is a complex sentence whose components are related to acquittal communication Components of such a proposal grammatically independent of each other and connected using essay unions that are not included in any of the parts. The parts of a sentence only follow one another; a situation where one part of a sentence is inside another (as happens in a complex sentence) is impossible. Among BSCs there are both closed and open structures; both flexible and inflexible.
Depending on the group to which the unions belong, the following are distinguished: BSC types:
1. Connecting(conjunctions are used and, yes (= and), too, also): Spring has come and the village has changed.
2.Nasty(unions a, but, yes (= a), however, on the other hand, same): I'm singing, but you're disturbing me.
3.Separating(unions or, or; then..., then; not that..., not that): It will rain or the sun will come out.
4.Gradational(unions both... and; not only but; if not... then): Not only did Ivan draw, but his brother was also a good artist.
5. Connection(unions and, moreover, and, yes and): The book was interesting, and it was well illustrated.
Between parts BSC is preceded by a comma,
but if the information in the sentence represents a rapid change of events, a dash is added. Usually in such cases the first part is a nominative sentence: Another pressure - and the enemy flees(A.S. Pushkin).
If two basics connected by unions and, or, then there may not be a comma between sentences if they have a common component(introductory construction, secondary member, particle, main or subordinate clause), as well as interrogative or exclamatory intonation: Certainly, my brother arrived on time and Valya was not late either; Outside the window dawn rose and the roosters crowed; Let Gagarin is forever famous and Titov is forever famous; It was already dark when I returned home and my mother called me; Where are you going and when will you stop? ?
1 State the incorrect statement
The parts of the BSC are grammatically independent of each other.
Unions connecting parts of the BSC are not included in any of these parts.
BSC are always open structures
BSCs can be both flexible and inflexible structures
2 Identify inflexible structures
On that day there were hurricanes and collapses, earthquakes and volcanic eruptions on the stock exchange, and all these natural disturbances were reflected in miniature in the broker's office.
Children ran and frolicked around and elderly couples strolled leisurely.
Jim's eyes stopped and Della became scared
3 Describe the proposals
We have become dearer to each other, more caring, more tender in love, but why am I so anxious? (S. Shchipachev)
Either in the taiga, then at a new dam, or at a construction site, we suddenly linger, and, probably for this reason, we don’t have time to look home (M. Plyatskovsky)
Select... Compound adversative Compound disjunctive Compound connective
In the village I couldn’t hear anything, but in my native settlement a light wind came out onto the road and didn’t greet me (A. Prokofiev)
Select... Compound adversative Compound disjunctive Compound connective
Is the sky so white or is the water discolored with salt?
Select... Compound adversative Compound disjunctive Compound connective
4 Indicate an incorrect characteristic of the proposal I am a teacher, I came for a course, and they didn’t let me in.
Compound adversative
Compound connective *
Closed structure
Inflexible structure
5 Indicate the sentence in which there is a punctuation error
Where will you gallop, proud horse, and where will you land your hooves?
You have always been strict with me and you have been fair.*
There, in the distance, the river waves glittered silver and the entire plain was bathed in sunlight.
A chord - and a harmonious, consonant choir of voices of incredible strength and beauty already sounds!
3. Complex sentence (SPP)
Unlike SSP, the parts of SSP are grammatically unequal: in such a sentence there is always a main part and a subordinate clause. These the parts are connected to each other subordinating conjunctions or allied words. A conjunctive word is a pronoun or adverb that is used to connect components of an NGN. It is part of the sentence: I did not know, What Now do. In this sentence, the highlighted word is a pronoun that performs the function of a connective word. This is evidenced by the fact that logical emphasis falls on it. Wed: I knew, What friends will definitely help. In this case, the highlighted word is a conjunction; logical emphasis does not fall on it.
There are no open structures among NGNs.
Among the SPP there are both flexible and inflexible structures; and only in SPP can a subordinate clause be located inside the main one:
[The fact (that the letter was soft) upset me].
SPPs are divided into two groups:
1) dismembered structures;
2) undivided structures.
1 State the incorrect statement
Parts of NGN are grammatically independent.*
The subordinate part of the SPP can be located inside the main one.
The IPP contains a main and a subordinate part.
SPPs are always closed structures.
2 Indicate the correct statement
A conjunction word is a special part of speech.
The conjunctive word is not a member of the sentence.
The parts of the dictionary are connected only by subordinating conjunctions.
There are both flexible and inflexible structures among NGNs.*
3 Indicate what connects the main and subordinate parts in sentences
From the very beginning I want to affirm the idea that the sources of poetry and prose lie in two things - in knowledge and in the powerful human imagination (K. Paustovsky)
I walk under the overhanging linden trees, where the morning silence freezes (N. Dorizo)
Choose... subordinating conjunction allied word
They walked and talked about how strangely the sea was lit (A. Chekhov)
Choose... subordinating conjunction allied word
4. Undifferentiated structures
Signs of undivided structures:
1. A subordinate clause refers to one word in the main clause.
2. The main part in most cases cannot exist without a subordinate clause, because contains a word or phrase that needs dissemination.
Types of SPP related to undivided structures:
NGN with an explanatory clause;
SPP with comparative clause;
SPP with a subordinate clause.
Pronominal correlative sentences.
Let's look at them with examples.
IN SPP with subordinate explanatory a subordinate clause refers to a word with the meaning of speech, thought, feeling: I thought that you have already left. Father demanded so that I could go with him.
IN SPP with subordinate clause the subordinate clause refers to the comparative form: the weather was better than we expected.
IN SPP with clause attributive the subordinate clause refers to a word with an objective meaning: We've come to home, from which music came.
IN m pronominal-correlative in sentences, the most striking feature is the correlate - i.e., grammatically and meaningfully correlative pronouns or pronominal adverbs, one of which is in the main part, and the other in the subordinate clause: that... that, so... how, there... where, etc. d.: Masha So got scared What I never went into the forest alone again.
1 Indicate the correct statement
The main part of an undivided type of dictionary can exist without a subordinate clause.
The subordinate clause of an undivided type of dictionary refers to one word.*
The subordinate part of the SPP of an undivided type refers to the entire main part as a whole.
2 Specify the type of subordinate clauses
The task turned out to be more difficult than we expected.
It’s as if the fish is looking at my brother and me and deciding whose bait it should take.
Select... SPP with a subordinate explanatory SPP with a subordinate comparative SPP with a subordinate attributive Pronominal correlative
The first “forest” word that completely fascinated me was “wilderness” (K. Paustovsky)
Select... SPP with a subordinate explanatory SPP with a subordinate comparative SPP with a subordinate attributive Pronominal correlative
Where this river flows, there is forest everywhere.
Select... SPP with a subordinate explanatory SPP with a subordinate comparative SPP with a subordinate attributive Pronominal correlative
5. Dismembered structures
Signs of dismembered structures:
1. The subordinate clause refers to the entire main clause.
2. The main part can exist without a subordinate clause.
Types of dismembered structures:
SPP with subordinate clauses:
Consequences (unions so, therefore);
Conditions (alliances if, once, since and etc.);
Offers are divided into simple And complex. Both simple and complex sentences can be common And uncommon, i.e. whether to contain or not to contain, in addition to the main ones, secondary members (definitions, additions, circumstances, etc.): He came very fast. And He came.
Simple sentence
A simple sentence is a syntactic unit formed by one syntactic connection between the subject and the predicate or one main member.
A two-part sentence is a simple sentence with a subject and predicate as necessary components: They laughed. He was smart. The cloud is black, heavy in outline.
A one-part sentence is a simple sentence that has only one main clause (with or without dependent words). There are one-part sentences:
- Vaguely personal: Me called to the director.
- Generalized-personal: Easily you can't get it out and fish from the pond.
- Impersonal: On the street it got dark.
- Definitely personal: Sitting And I'm drawing.
- Infinitive: Be silent ! You already drive.
- Nominative: Night. Street. Flashlight. Pharmacy.
- Incomplete sentence is a sentence in which one or more members (main or secondary) are missing, as indicated by the context or situation: The truth remains the truth, but rumor - rumor. We started talking as if we've known each other forever. You probably know about our work? And about me? I'll put it on this is blue.
Difficult sentence
A complex sentence consists of two or more simple sentences related in meaning and/or by means of conjunctions. Complex sentences are divided into:
- Compound Sentences consist of parts (simple sentences), independent grammatically, connected in meaning and through coordinating conjunctions and, a, but, yes, or, or, however, but, as well as complex coordinating conjunctions neither... nor..., then... then..., either..., or..., not that..., not that... and etc.: The rain has stopped , And The sun has risen. That the phone will ring , That the doorbell will ring.
- Complex sentences consist of parts (simple sentences), one of which is not independent in grammatical and semantic terms; parts are connected using subordinating conjunctions and allied words: what, in order to, where, when, where, why, if (if), how, while, although, therefore, which, which, whose etc., as well as complex subordinating conjunctions: thanks to the fact that, in view of the fact that, due to the fact that, instead of, despite the fact that, before, since etc. The subordinating conjunction and the allied word are always in a subordinate clause: I know , What they are friends. He does not want , to they were waiting for him. Sergey did not answer , because I didn't hear the question.
- Non-union proposals. Parts of a non-union sentence (simple sentences) are almost always independent grammatically, but sometimes unequal in meaning; There are no conjunctions and allied words: The sun was shining, the birches were green, the birds were whistling. I hear a knock on the door. The cheese fell out - such was the trick with it.